Arlo has always seen white swans in his various visits to ponds, zoos, lakes, and other water areas. While visiting a petting zoo, he is astonished to see a black swan. In fact, at first he doesn’t perceive the animal as being a swan at all, because
this particular example doesn’t fit with his experience and expectations. What term is used to describe the process of applying prior knowledge and previous experiences to the perception of new information?
a) top-down processing
b) lateral processing
c) cross processing
d) bottom-up processing
Answer: a
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The so-called "status quo bias" in decision-making refers to the tendency for people to ____
a. want to keep things the way they are instead of changing b. want to do whatever it is that other people are doing c. place more emphasis on present (immediate) outcomes than on future outcomes d. place more emphasis on definite outcomes than on probable outcomes
In comparison with one-tailed tests, two-tailed tests are
a. less conservative. b. more conservative. c. less likely to lead to a Type II error. d. more likely to lead to a Type I error.
Observational learning is:
A) an important part of learning our culture. B) not as important as other forms of learning. C) an inefficient means of learning. D) unique to humans.
According to the Apgar scale, respiratory effort refers to
a. color. c. grimace. b. heart rate. d. respiration.