The Tokyo Rules, which provide the primary international standards for community sanctions, have as guiding principles each of the following except:
a. a wide range of alternatives to prison should be provided.
b. early release from prison should be encouraged.
c. electronic monitoring should be used for parolees but not probationers.
d. upon their release from prison, offenders should be reintegrated into society.
c. electronic monitoring should be used for parolees but not probationers.
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Since the 1980s, the number of discretionary parole releases has ______ while the number of mandatory parole releases has ______.
a. increased; declined b. remained steady; declined c. declined; increased d. increased; remained steady
Which of the following is not one of the criteria required for criminal punishment?
a. The penalty inflicts pain or unpleasant consequences b. The penalty inflicts pain that is perceived by the public to be appropriate. c. The penalty is administered intentionally. d. The penalty inflicts enough pain so the offender experiences the full extent of society's disapproval.
_________ refers to neighborhood-based officers for proactive offender supervision and incorporates close working relationships with the police
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
Which of the following refers to placing one officer in command or in control of every situation and officer, and every officer should report to one and only one superior?
A) delegation of authority B) specialization C) unity of command D) departmental inertia