A) Provide an informal analysis of the following passage; orB) in analyzing the passage, do the following:a. Identify the causal hypothesis at issue.b. Identify what kind of study it is.c. Describe the control and experimental groups.d. State the difference in effect (or cause) between control and experimental groups.e. Identify any problems in either the study or the report of it, including but not necessarily limited to uncontrolled variables.f. State the conclusion you think is warranted by the report.Do sudden heart attacks increase with vigorous exercise? A community-based study investigated this issue and discovered that persons who habitually exercised vigorously had a reduced risk of sudden cardiac death as compared with persons who only occasionally exercised vigorously. One
hundred thirty-three married men who experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were chosen for the study. They were classified according to their usual amount of activity and the amount of activity at the time of the cardiac arrest. All appeared healthy prior to the heart attacks. The benefits outweighed the risks for men at the upper levels of habitual high-intensity activity. Their overall risk was 40 percent of that of sedentary men.-Adapted from "Stress and Health Report," N. T. Enloe Memorial Hospital Stress and Health Center, Chico, California
What will be an ideal response?
Since we don't know how many of the men qualified as sedentary or habitually high-intensity active, the 40 percent figure tells us little. Since we have no information on who conducted the study, we can make no inferences concerning how reasonable the definitions of the various activity categories are or whether the 40 percent figure translates into a significant difference. (This kind of report is sometimes the summary of a creditable study. However, too many details are missing in this summary to allow us to attach great importance to it.)
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Which of the following is a standard informal fallacy?
A. The is-ought fallacy B. The Red Herring fallacy C. The Intentional fallacy D. The fallacy of misplaced concreteness
In many fallacies, the alleged evidence is irrelevant to the truth of the conclusion
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
"Either Oklahoma or Miami will win the game. Miami's going to win. Therefore, Oklahoma will lose." Choose the best symbolization of the statement and evaluate its validity.
A. o v m, m, ? ~o; this argument is invalid B. (o v m) & ~(o & m), m, ? ~o; this argument is invalid C. (o v m) & ~(o & m), m, ? ~o; this argument is valid D. o v m, m, ? ~o; this argument is valid E. None of the answers are correct
If you were part of an African religious group and got in your car to take a drive, to whom would you pray before leaving?
a. Ehun b. Kamonu c. Ogun d. Nyambi