When two variables are perfectly correlated, _____
a. one must cause the other, but we don't know which is the cause and which is the effect
b. neither one causes the other
c. it is certain that a third factor is causing both variables to co-vary
d. none of these
D
Any either one of the variables might cause the other, or a third factor might be causing both. We simply do not know anything about causality given a correlation, even a perfect one.
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