Describe emotions that a child can express from birth to about age 2 years. What does the developmental sequence of emotional expressions indicate about the nature of emotional experience?
What will be an ideal response?
A good answer would include the following key points:
- At birth, children can display expressions of interest, distress, and disgust.
- Over time, expressions for anger, surprise, sadness, and fear emerge, usually within the first 6 months of life
- After that, expressions of shame, contempt, and guilt are displayed through age 2.
- This developmental sequence makes evolutionary and social sense. An infant needs to display basic states (such as interest or distress) in order to receive attention from a caregiver.
- Emotions such as fear or sadness take time to develop; a newborn isn't likely to have the cognitive apparatus necessary for encoding a stimulus as fearful or angering.
- More sophisticated emotions, such as contempt or guilt, require greater amounts of cognitive processing, and so appear much later in the developmental sequence.
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