An elementary school teacher wants to know how receptive his students are to new ideas. He decides to present new ideas his students (randomly determined) during arithmetic class or during social studies class. Furthermore, he decides to present these new ideas either just before or just after recess. Which of the following results represents null results (no significant main effects and no
significant interaction)?
a. The students always like the new ideas, but only in social studies, regardless of when recess occurs.
b. The students never like the new ideas in either class, regardless of when recess occurs.
c. The students only like the new ideas after recess. They don't like the new ideas before recess, and the type of class makes no difference.
d. The students like the new ideas in social studies after recess but they like the new ideas in arithmetic before recess.
B
The first alternative illustrates a main effect of type of class. The second alternative illustrates null results (no effects). The third alternative illustrates a main effect of recess, and the last alternative illustrates an interaction.
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