Any injury at the nipple line should be considered a thoracic and abdominal injury because:
A. the liver, spleen, and stomach are completely protected by the ribs.
B. the diaphragm may elevate as high as the nipple line upon exhalation.
C. penetrating injuries to the upper chest often result in liver lacerations.
D. the diaphragm ascends into the chest cavity during the inspiration phase.
Answer: B. the diaphragm may elevate as high as the nipple line upon exhalation.
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