Describe the criticisms about decision making at the IMF and the World Bank. Which types of policies are thought to reflect bias? What types of costs are not considered? What is the fundamental question critics raise about the operations of the international governmental economic institutions?
What will be an ideal response?
Voting structures at the IMF and World Bank give developed nations, and the U.S. especially, control over decision making, making it hard to delineate whose interests are being served. For example, policies favoring free capital flows and privatization of publicly owned industries are thought to reflect the biases of industrialized countries rather than overwhelming economic consensus. Implementation and adjustment costs may be much greater in developing countries because they have higher overall levels of unemployment, less diversification in their economies, and fewer resources to develop new infrastructure or to do other spending necessary to take advantage of new opportunities. Fundamentally, critics ask whether they are fostering development and economic security or generating greater economic inequality and compounding risks to vulnerable groups.
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If a country's exports are worth $5 billion and its imports are worth $3.9 billion, the country experiences a ________
A) trade surplus B) budget deficit C) trade deficit D) budget surplus
Will scarce goods necessarily be rationed in some manner?
A) Not if people agree to share them equitably B) Not if there is enough for everyone to have what they need C) Not if their prices are free to rise D) Not if they are privately owned E) Yes
An increase in the real exchange rate
A) makes imports more expensive. B) makes imports less expensive. C) does not affect import values. D) always makes the number of imports rise. E) makes domestic consumers spend more on only foreign imports.
The simple deposit multiplier is the ratio of the amount of
A) new reserves created by the banks to the amount of deposits. B) new reserves created by the banks to the amount of loans. C) deposits created by the banks to the amount of new reserves. D) loans issued by the banks to deposits created by the banks.