Describe the Little Albert study and, based on Watson and Rayner’s findings, explain how fear is established in children.
What will be an ideal response?
Little Albert was an 11-month-old baby who was initially not afraid of white rats.
Albert wanted to touch the rat, and when he reached for it, Watson made a loud noise
behind the child that scared him so much that he fell forward. Each time the boy
reached for the rat, Watson made the frightening noise. A week later, the child was
not interested in reaching for the rat, but Watson made the loud noise every time they
placed the rat near the child until the child became afraid of the rat and would begin to
cry the instant he saw it. Five days later, Albert was still as afraid of the rat as he had
been and had generalized the fear to other furry things, such as dogs, fur coats, and so
on. These findings showed that experience had rearranged the stimuli that caused
emotional responses.
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Cross-cultural comparisons that include the measurement of a variable (contextual factor) that assesses a cultural factor considered to produce the differences on the target variable being compared across cultures are called _____
a) unpackaging studies b) multi-level studies c) individual-level studies d) hypothesis-testing studies
The phase following firing during which a neuron's action potential cannot be triggered is called the
a. relative refractory period. c. resting potential. b. refractory period. d. all-or-none period.
Fromm held that the twin components of positive freedom are
A. love and work. B. faith and spirituality. C. hope and charity. D. duty and desire. E. productivity and marketing.
According to Daniel Goleman, explosive outbursts of anger are the product of __________
a) emotional hijackings b) rampant catharsis c) mental illness d) too much testosterone