The nation's first probation agencies were units of the judicial branches of city and county governments and were primarily found in the southern United States
a. True
b. False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
False
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Participants in a violent subculture use techniques of neutralization to deal with feelings of guilt about their aggression
a. True b. False
To the extent that illegal drugs are connected to crime,:
a. The connection results primarily from cultural acceptance of drug use b. The connection results primarily from illegal immigration c. The connection results primarily from drug legalization d. The connection results primarily from laws against these drugs
The ecological fallacy refers to the error of using individual data to refer to group characteristics
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
States that lying, stealing, bullying, and other conduct problems that occur in childhood are the strongest predictors of future criminal behavior
a. Learning theory b. Life course criminology c. Psychological theory d. Control theory