Negative reinforcement is best described as

a. a punishment that serves to reduce a problematic behavior.
b. when some unpleasant stimulus is avoided or removed, strengthening the behavior that allows escape from the unpleasantness.
c. a negative consequence that follows a behavior.
d. a consequence that reinforces negative behavior.


b

Counseling

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Unlike other ethnic groups, Whites have no within-groups differences.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

Counseling

Which of the following is true of writing Likert type attitude items?

a. Carefully follow all rules of standard syntax and grammar b. Avoid the use of poorly defined attitudinal descriptors in the answer options c. There is no change in item reliability between 3 answer choices and 7 choices d. In item writing niceties of English grammar may be ignored

Counseling

When anxiety is referred to as "free-floating," this suggests that

a. it is floating over the unconscious, just as a ship floats over the ocean. b. it is vague and general, not yet having crystallized into specific form. c. it is close to the surface of consciousness and is thereby ready to access through free association. d. it is floating over the unconscious, just as a ship floats over the ocean, and it is close to the surface of consciousness and is thereby ready to access through free association.

Counseling

What is pre-group screening interviews recommended for offender and mandated clients?

a. To identify individuals who are pending from starting group, but not being able to finish group. b. To counter the manipulation and resistance associated with offender and mandated clients. c. To screen out members who have the potential to become violent. d. All of the above

Counseling