Signs and symptoms of an anastomotic leak include
a. pneumonia.
b. subcutaneous emphysema.
c. bleeding.
d. atelectasis.
B
The clinical signs and symptoms of a leak can be subtle and often go unrecognized. They include tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, abdominal pain, anxiety, and restlessness. In a patient who had an esophagectomy, a leak of the esophageal anastomosis may manifest as subcutaneous emphysema in the chest and neck. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is an uncommon but life-threatening complication of GI surgery. Early bleeding usually occurs at the site of the anastomosis and can usually be treated through endoscopic intervention. The risk for pulmonary complications is substantial after GI surgery, and adverse respiratory events such as atelectasis and pneumonia are twice as likely to occur in the patient who is obese.
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Standard Text: Round answer to the nearest whole number. Fill in the blank with the appropriate word.