Positive reinforcers are based on

a. Piagetian theory.
b. Freudian theory.
c. Behaviorist theory.
d. Vygotsky’s theory.


ANS: C

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A broad term that includes many language skills and refers to the ability to use English on an abstract level (such as writing) is

a. conversational English. b. academic English. c. sheltered English. d. cognitive academic English.

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When children are allowed to approach multi-digit computations on their own, researchers have found:

a. children will universally begin on the left and regroup back and forth until they have found the answer. b. the traditional approach yields better results. c. they do not apply the concept of place value. d. they prefer to use algorithms.

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Often, researchers using _____ methods do not state their questions at the beginning of a study; they wait to collect data to state the question when they have a better sense of what they’re looking for.

a. Mixed b. Qualitative c. Quantitative d. Either quantitative or qualitative

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Any feature or characteristic of a research setting that may reveal the hypothesis being tested or give the participant a clue regarding how he or she is expected to behave is called ______.

A. nonreactive cues B. experimenter bias C. participant reactivity D. demand characteristic

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