Key components of the notion of French exceptionalism include

a. a strong role for the state and extensive ideological polarization.
b. a strong role for the state and the idea that the country's values of liberty and secularism have universal value.
c. extensive ideological polarization and the idea that citizens should identify as individuals rather than members of a particular ethnic or religious group.
d. a strong role for the state and the idea that citizens should identify as individuals rather than members of a particular ethnic or religious group.
e. all of these.


e

Political Science

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