In the 19th century, what factors did practitioners who accepted the theory that mental illness was an excess or deficit in excitability see as contributing to mental illness? Select all that apply
1. Education
2. Urban life
3. Intemperance
4. Cerebral hyperemia
5. Demonic possession
Answer: 1, 2
Explanation: Following the excitability theory of William Cullen, some thought education to be a major contributing factor in the emergence of insanity. The pace of urban life also contributed to excitability. Intemperance was not related to excitability excesses or deficits. Demonic possession was considered a cause of insanity in earlier eras and, by the 19th century had been replaced by other causative theories. Cerebral hyperemia as a contributing factor was promulgated by 18th century French physicians.
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