Explain what is meant by Vygotsky's zone of proximal development (ZPD)
What will be an ideal response?
Vygotsky called the ZPD the gap between what children are capable of doing now and what they could do with help from others. Adults or older children can best guide children through this zone by gearing their assistance to children's capabilities. Key forms of children's' cognitive activities develop through interaction with older, more experienced individuals who teach and guide them. Studies by Alison Clarke-Stewart and Robert Beck showed that 5-year-olds who watched a videotaped segment with their mothers and whose mothers focused the children's attention on the tape and asked their children to talk about it, were better able to discuss the feelings of the characters than children whose mothers did not uses such scaffolding strategies.
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Latasha joined a campus group called "Young Republicans.". Which of these outcomes is most consistent with the persuasive arguments explanation for group polarization? a. In the attempt to fit in, Latasha adjusts her attitudes to be even more conservative. b. Latasha self-categorizes as a Republican, and her political beliefs become more extreme as a result. c. After exposure to ideas she
has not thought of before, Latasha comes to possess even more conservativebeliefs. d. In an attempt to convince others that she is a "good" Republican, Latasha persuades herself to be moreconservative.
Which of the following statements is most true regarding the effects of labeling a child with a psychiatric disorder?
a. Labeling is stigmatizing and demeaning to all children and their parents. b. Labeling may diminish the fact that children have areas in their lives in which they are not disabled. c. Labeling may ignore the fact that children have more than one disability. d. Labels create confusion amongst mental health practitioners and make effective treatment more unlikely.
In the research on behaviors of good leaders, the investigation of the attribute of consideration revealed that ____.?
a. ?leaders who rated highly in consideration tended to rate low in initiating structure b. ?valuing a climate of safety was a strong factor in producing good leaders c. ?promoting organizational citizenship behaviors led to fewer workplace grievances d. ?concern for the welfare of their employees led to lower rates of turnover
In systematic desensitization, when the client is gradually exposed to the actual situations that are feared, this is called:
a. en passe exposure c. in vitro exposure b. realistic desensitization d. in vivo exposure