Some elements like iron, cobalt, and holmium make very good natural magnets. Which of the following statements best describes why?

a.Selection rules for multi-electron atoms tend to maximize electron spin and orbital angular momentum.
b.Atoms in the crystalline structure of the solid metal tend to antialign their spin and orbital angular momentum.
c.Large numbers of paired electron spins are essential to good magnets.
d.The filled s shells with high n and paired electrons create larger atomic radii and therefore the electrons can contribute more to the magnetic field.


a.
Hund's rules state for atoms with less than filled subshells, the spin and orbital angular momentum should be maximized (in that order). This means that the magnetic dipoles of the atoms in solid iron, cobalt, and holmium can align and add to form large total magnetic moments. The key to these atoms is the large number of unpaired spins.

Physics & Space Science

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