What are the causes of dyspnea?
a. Decreased pH, increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)
b. Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata
c. Stimulation of stretch or J-receptors
d. Presence of anxiety
e. Presence of pain
Answer:
a. Decreased pH, increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)
c. Stimulation of stretch or J-receptors
d. Presence of anxiety
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