Compare and contrast the James-Lange and Schachter-Singer theories of emotion.
What will be an ideal response?
The answer might include points such as the following:
James-Lange theory: To William James and Carl Lange, who were among the first researchers to explore the nature of emotions, emotional experience is, very simply, a reaction to instinctive bodily events that occur as a response to some situation or event in the environment. They suggested that for every major emotion there is an accompanying physiological or "gut" reaction of internal organs-called a visceral experience. It is this specific pattern of visceral response that leads us to label the emotional experience. In sum, James and Lange proposed that we experience emotions as a result of physiological changes that produce specific sensations. The brain interprets these sensations as specific kinds of emotional experiences. This view has come to be called the James-Lange theory of emotion.
Schachter-Singer theory: This approach to explaining emotions emphasizes that one identifies the emotion he or she is experiencing by observing his or her environment and comparing oneself with others. It supported a cognitive view of emotions in which emotions are determined jointly by a relatively nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and the labeling of that arousal on the basis of cues from the environment. Although later research has found that arousal is more specific than Schachter and Singer believed, they were right in assuming that when the source of physiological arousal is unclear, one may look to his or her surroundings to determine what he or she is experiencing.
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Vygotsky argued that the skills and problem-solving abilities that a child can show on his
or her own indicate the __________. However, should the child receive guided help, he or she may show enhanced abilities and thus demonstrate what Vygotsky termed the __________. a. assimilation level; accommodation level b. actual developmental level; zone of proximal development c. accommodation level; zone of proximal development d. zone of proximal development; assimilation level e. assimilation level; actual developmental level
If a placebo produces the same results as the real treatment, the reason must be the participants' expectations about the treatment, rather than the treatment itself
Indicate whether this statement is true or false.
According to the discussion of reflective learning in your textbook, if you fall short of your goals, you should
a. reward yourself for your effort, not for meeting goals. b. redo your long-term goals by lowering them and making them less specific. c. adjust how you budget your time and take advantage of tutoring programs. d. do all of these.
Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival, but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers
However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned response? a. the person lighting the firecrackers b. the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers c. the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers d. the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode