Children with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) frequently have which abnormal heart sounds?
a. S4
b. split S2
c. S3 and pansystolic murmur
d. soft, musical, systolic murmur heard while the patient is sitting
C
Children with a VSD frequently have a loud third heart sound and a pansystolic murmur. S3 is produced by rapid filling of the ventricle. A pansystolic or holosystolic murmur occurs where blood flows from a chamber of higher pressure to one of lower pressure during systole. S4 is not normally heard in children except in cases of aortic stenosis. A split S2 is heard in a child with an atrial septal defect. An innocent heart murmur is heard when the child is sitting, occurs early in systole, and is softly musical in quality.
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