______ implies that offenders have to pay for the wrong they have done to their victims and society.
A. Deterrence
B. Retribution
C. Incapacitation
D. Rehabilitation
B. Retribution
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_______is the use of multiple methods to measure the same phenomenon
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
Criminologist Raffael Garofalo categorized alcoholics and the insane as ______ criminals.
a. endemic b. extreme c. impulsive d. professional
All the following are instances when qualitative methods would be preferable for evaluation research EXCEPT ______.
A. when there is an interest in comparing outcomes between experimental and control groups B. when learning how different individuals react to a treatment is important C. when the researcher wants to understand how social programs actually operate D. when the study is investigating program process
Discuss the different levels of measurement and give an example for each.
Nominal Level variables convey classification or categorization information only. Examples include gender, race, religion, political party, city born in, etc. Ordinal level variables are categorical but the categories have some type of relationship to each other. The categories can be ordered from high to low or low to high but there is no exact quantity between the categories. We know a category is more or less but do not know exactly how much more or less. Examples would include income or age categories, likert type items, etc. Interval level variables allow us to quantify the numeric relationship among the categories. The difference between the adjacent values must be the same at every two points. Examples would be age, temperature on the Farenheit scale, etc. Ratio level variables have all the qualities of interval level variable and a true-zero point. A true zero indicates that the phenomenon is absent. Examples would include number of crimes committed, number of times a person was victimized, number of hours worked, etc.