Anticoagulant drugs that act by inhibiting vitamin K activity do so by which mechanism??
A) ?inhibiting the formation of the active form of vitamin K
B) ?interfering with micelle formation such that vitamin K is not absorbed
C) ?not allowing calcium to interact with Gla residues
D) ?stimulating osteocalcin synthesis
A
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Medical History: A.R. is a healthy 51-year old premenopausal Caucasian woman with pallor who is employed full-time in an office job. She had a pancreatic cyst removed six years ago. She was asymptomatic until one year ago when she developed acute pancreatitis flare-ups after consuming fatty foods. The condition was attributed to scarring at the pancreatic duct, which secretes pancreatic lipase,
and was accompanied by severe abdominal pain radiating to her back, vomiting, and steatorrhea. She was placed on oral pancreatic lipase enzyme tablets (Pancrease™) that digest fat, and was also prescribed to follow a "low-fat diet." The medication and diet help to reduce her symptoms, and she notes that flare-ups generally only occur when she eats too much fat. Anthropometric: Ht: 5'2 . Wt: 156 lbs. Wt 1 yr ago: 199 lbs. Frame size: Medium. Clinical/Labs: A.R.'s serum vitamin D was low (20 ng/mL; normal is 25-80 ng/mL), but all other labs were within normal limits when she last visited her internal medicine physician several months ago. She was placed on a 5,000-IU vitamin D supplement, to be reduced to a 2,000-IU vitamin D supplement thereafter; she takes no other vitamins or minerals. Other medications include Synthroid and Aygestin. Current Chief Complaints: A.R.'s current problems include constipation and dry skin. Diet: "My usual grocery list consists of boneless chicken breasts, turkey, pork chops (infrequently), strip steak (infrequently), 90/10 ground beef, pasta (half whole-wheat, half regular), tomatoes and sauce to make pasta sauce, 90 percent fat-free lunch meat ham or turkey, brown rice, steamable microwave vegetables, red and green lettuce, tomatoes, onions, cereal, blueberries if on sale, apples, tangerines, red licorice, bread, crackers, and canned soup. I am concerned about not having enough protein or iron because I am afraid to eat very much red meat. The foods I miss the most include iced tea, which I skip because of caffeine—I am getting bored with water. I like to bake and miss baked goods, and I also miss cheese—I am afraid it is too high in fat. I have a hard time figuring out what to pack for lunch. The restaurants I go to if I do go out are Chick-Fil-A, Panera, Viva, a local diner, and an Italian restaurant. I like Italian and Mexican food. Usually if I do eat out it is for lunch but it is sometimes hard to figure out something safe to eat..." Dairy foods: Twice a day, drinks 2 8-oz glasses of 1% milk. Fruits: 1 cup per day. A.R.'s doctor recommends that she take a multivitamin-mineral supplement because: a. pancreatic enzyme replacements can decrease the absorption of iron. b. steatorrhea can promote the loss of vitamins and minerals. c. pancreatic enzyme replacements can decrease the absorption of folate. d. all of the above
Whole-wheat flour, also known as graham or entire-wheat flour, differs from white flour in that
a. it includes the husk, bran, germ, and endosperm. b. coarse granules cut the gluten strands, thus increasing the final volume of the baked product. c. it requires refrigeration to prevent rancidity. d. all of the above answers are correct
For a number of vegetarian regimes, the spiritual or emotional importance assigned to certain foods supersedes consideration of their contribution to an adequate diet
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false
What is the purpose of the percent sag test?