INSTRUCTIONS: Select the answer that best characterizes each immediate inference. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint for these problems. Some white supremacists are individuals involved in crime. Therefore, it is false that some white supremacists are not individuals involved in crime
A) Invalid, illicit subalternation.
B) Invalid, illicit subcontrary.
C) Valid.
D) Invalid, illicit contrary.
E) Invalid, illicit contraposition.
B
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Which of the following does not primarily depend upon empirical reasoning?
(a) The discovery that Ebola, although highly contagious, could be medically managed. (b) The discovery that talking, reading, and singing to children from their earliest years is positively correlated with higher levels of academic success as the children grow up. (c) The inference that because empirical reasoning can never yield absolute certainty it is not capable of demonstrating the meaning of life. (d) The development of genetically modified plants and animals.
INSTRUCTIONS: Select the answer that best characterizes each argument. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint. Some hectic vacations are not pleasant experiences. Therefore, some unpleasant experiences are not relaxed vacations
A) Valid; no fallacy. B) Invalid; existential fallacy. C) Invalid; illicit subcontrary. D) Invalid; illicit contrary. E) Invalid; illicit contraposition.
As of 2011, about how large was the world's human population, and about how long will it take to add another billion?
A) 4.2 billion; expected to reach 5 billion by 2020 B) 7 billion; expected to reach 8 billion by 2025 C) 1 billion; expected to reach 2 billion in a decade. D) 10 billion; expected to reach 11 billion by 2050
Inductive arguments
a. argue from particulars to generalizations. b. are syllogisms. c. lead to absolutely certain conclusions. d. are said to be either valid or invalid.