Explain the concepts of distributive justice and just versus unjust laws, and discuss children's understanding of these moral principles in middle childhood.
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
1. Distributive justice refers to moral views about how best to distribute earnings or winnings among members of a group.
2. School-age children initially distribute earnings equally to all participants without regard to effort, but between 6 and 13 years of age, they believe in distributing equal amounts only if people exerted equal effort or provided equal help.
3. They also begin to believe that unfortunate or poor people should receive some of the earnings from each of the more advantaged people.
4. In a study involving a hypothetical country with several new laws-some just and some unjust-children were able to discriminate between good and bad laws on the basic of whether the laws were socially beneficial, whether they respected people's rights, and whether they did no harm to people.
5. Similar just/unjust studies involving real-life violations showed that children used similar reasoning across real and hypothetical moral issues.
6. At this age, children are practical moralists-they are knowledgeable and concerned about moral rules, even if they occasionally violate them.
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Behavioral treatment of chronic pain aims to reduce discomfort and increase
a. production. b. movement. c. tolerance. d. interaction.
According to psychoanalytic theory, the id operates on the "pleasure principle," which means that it a. pays particular attention to social rules and regulations. b. thinks in an unemotional, logical, and rational manner. c. is sexual, aggressive, selfish, and envious
d. utilizes secondary process thinking.
The sudden onset of the development of which disorder created the initial impetus for the development of brief therapies?
a) Separation anxiety disorder b) Panic disorder c) Post-traumatic stress disorder d) Dissociative amnesia