?G measures the change of free energy in a system as it converts reactant (Y) into product (X). When [Y] =[X], ?G is equal to _____________
(a) ?G° + RT
(b) RT
(c) ln [X]/[Y]
(d) ?G°
(d)
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Which of the following mechanisms is (are) used to coordinate the expression of multiple, related genes in eukaryotic cells?
A) Environmental signals enter the cell and bind directly to promoters. B) The genes share a single common enhancer, which allows appropriate activators to turn on their transcription at the same time. C) The genes are organized into a large operon, allowing them to be coordinately controlled as a single unit. D) A single repressor is able to turn off several related genes.
Which of the following molecules stabilizes the cell membrane during coated pit formation?
A) mannose-6-phosphate B) KDEL signals C) clatherin D) botulinum toxin E) stabilin
An infectious disease with occasional new cases reported in random locales at irregular intervals is said to be ____
a. sporadic b. endemic c. pandemic d. epidemic
Fibers of the cytoskeleton are composed of primarily
A) proteins. B) nucleic acids. C) lipids. D) ER. E) polysaccharides.