Imagine that the government increases its spending by $75 billion. Which of the following by itself would tend to make the change in aggregate demand different from $75 billion?

a. both the multiplier effect and the crowding-out effect
b. the multiplier effect, but not the crowding-out effect
c. the crowding-out effect, but not the multiplier effect
d. neither the crowding out effect nor the multiplier effect


a

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