What is the difference between a source trait and a surface trait according to Cattell? What are some of Brian's source traits and surface traits before and after his service in Iraq? Use evidence from the case to support your answer.
What will be an ideal response?
A surface trait is an indicator of a source trait. It is observable whereas the source trait is underlying. The source traits are the sixteen factors described by Cattell as normal, basic traits. Surface traits are clusters of observable behaviors that are similar or that seem to go together. Examples of surface traits in Brian include the descriptions of him as warm and caring. These surface traits indicate that before the war he would have scored high in warmth (a source trait). After the war, however, he would score low in warmth, as he is now described as distant and aloof. Another example of a surface trait is the description of Brian as being stable before the war. This is an indicator of the source trait, emotional stability. Now, however, after the war Brian is described as jumpy and temperamental, indicators of emotional instability. Finally, describing Brian as energetic and daring (surface traits) is an indicator of liveliness (also a source trait). Brian is now described as quiet and cautious (surface traits) indicators of lower scores on the liveliness source trait.
Brian could also be displaying some abnormal sources traits. His jumpiness (surface trait) could indicate a higher score on anxious depression (source trait) and his feelings of guilt and anger (surface trait) could indicate higher scores on the abnormal source traits of guilt and resentment. His avoidance of exciting or new activities (surface trait) could indicate low scores on brooding discontent (source trait).
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