How does group membership—even in minimal groups—contribute to prejudice and discrimination?
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: According to Henri Tajfel (1982a), group membership, even in minimal groups, often serves to help us enhance our self-esteem when we identify with other group members. An in-group bias often develops, even in minimal groups. We develop positive feelings for in-group members and are motivated to treat them well; we develop negative feelings toward out-group members, simply because they are not members of our group. Further, a cognitive bias known as out-group homogeneity often develops as function of group membership; we tend to view members of out -groups as more similar to one another than they really are, contributing to stereotypes. Thus, the in-group bias (positive evaluations of members of our own group, and negative evaluations of members of the other group) in combination with cognitive biases (perceptions of out-group homogeneity) set the stage for prejudice and discrimination.
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy attempts to change thoughts and beliefs.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
Humanistic therapists regard ________ as the single most positive influence in facilitating human growth
a. therapist interpretation of patient verbalizations b. relationships (including the therapeutic relationship) c. self-esteem d. intellectual and moral development
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder—(ADHD)—is marked by
a. attention, impulsiveness, and a high tolerance for frustration. b. inattention, impulsiveness, and a low tolerance for frustration. c. inattention, impulsiveness, and a high tolerance for frustration. d. attention, impulsiveness, and a low tolerance for frustration.
When researchers refer to children's "horizontal" relationships, they have in mind all of the following except
a. relationships with siblings b. relationships with peers c. relationships with friends d. relationships with parents