What is the function of the product of the viral gene vpu in human infections of HIV?
What will be an ideal response?
The viral gene vpu (in a similar manner to the viral protein nef) blocks the action of the host protein tetherin, which normally adheres to viral particles and attaches them to the host cell membrane and prevents their release.
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Many seeds are capable of surviving in a dormant or quiescent state for many years, or even centuries. Such seeds are not usually damaged by environmental extremes that would kill most other organisms
What main adaptation prevents the seeds from germinating before they are dispersed, and allows them to survive until environmental conditions are favorable for germination and seedling growth? A) A seed coat B) Two cotyledons C) A large quantity of stored nutrients D) Desiccation to 2-20 percent water E) Double fertilization
Fungi are important because of their ability to
A. help many plants grow. B. cause disease in plants. C. make certain foods and beverages. D. spoil food. E. All of the above.
A primary immune response is the ________
A) production of primary-type antibodies in the first day of exposure to a microorganism B) immune response elicited by the second exposure of lymphocytes to a particular antigen C) immune response elicited by the first exposure of lymphocytes to a particular antigen D) immune response elicited by the first exposure of memory cells to a particular antigen
Which of the following is false of Campylobacter jejuni infections?
A) It is a Gram-negative, flagellated, spiral-shaped bacterium that grows best in microaerophilic conditions. B) Antibodies that recognize C. jejuni's lipopolysaccharides can cross-react with sugars on neurons that trigger an autoimmune response against the nervous system called Guillain-Barré syndrome. C) Although symptoms usually resolve within a week, in immune-compromised patients the bacteria may cause bacteremia, which could lead to sepsis and possibly septic shock. D) After ingestion, the bacteria burrow through the mucosal layer of the intestine and migrate through intestinal epithelial cells to multiply just beneath the epithelial layer. E) Infections are primarily associated with eating undercooked beef or cross-contaminating foods with raw beef juices.