By altering metabolism, which gland can have a sizable effect on personality with overactivity of this gland causing excitability and nervousness and underactivity of this gland causing lethargy and sleepiness?

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of the research on spatial abilities?

a. Osmane: "Gender differences are relatively large on some spatial tasks, but these gender differences can be reduced when the instructions are modified.". b. Anna: "Not one of the gender differences is statistically significant, despite the media coverage of this topic.". c. Oswalda: "Gender differences are large on tests of spatial visualization and spatial perception, but they are small on tests of mental rotation.". d. Fred: "Individual differences are smaller on spatial tasks than they are on verbal or mathematical tasks.".

Mitta et al. (1977) found that female college students preferred their own mirror image to their actual appearance. This finding is consistent with

a. the matching hypothesis. b. mere exposure effects. c. social exchange theory. d. excitation transfer.

In learning theory, when a behavioral response becomes stronger after an individual observes a model being reinforced for the same behavior, the process at work is referred to as:

a. vicarious reinforcement b. vicarious punishment c. second-order conditioning d. systematic sensitization

Empirical evidence differs from anecdotal evidence in that empirical evidence:

a. makes sense. b. is grounded in combined experiences or observations of many individuals. c. is based on one person's experience. d. cannot be demonstrated in research.