Thirty patients with psoriasis are treated with ultraviolet light B phototherapy, delivered by a therapist. Their symptoms become worse at first, and then improve
During the summer their symptoms become better without treatment. Then fall arrives, and symptoms worsen. Patients go back to UVL B, and they improve. Why, according to Hume, can the relationship between UVL B phototherapy and symptom severity not be considered a classically causal one?
a. Ultraviolet light B phototherapy wasn't invented during Hume's lifetime.
b. There must be a strong relationship between the proposed cause and the effect.
c. The cause (phototherapy) has to be present whenever the effect occurs.
d. The cause must precede the effect in time.
ANS: C
Some of the ideas related to causation emerged from the logical positivist philosophical tradition. Hume, a positivist, proposed that the following three conditions must be met to establish causality: (1) there must be a strong relationship between the proposed cause and the effect, (2) the proposed cause must precede the effect in time, and (3) the cause has to be present whenever the effect occurs. Cause, according to Hume, is not directly observable but must be inferred.
You might also like to view...
When examining children affected with Down syndrome (trisomy 21), the nurse looks for the possible presence of:
a. Ear dysplasia. b. Long, thin neck. c. Protruding thin tongue. d. Narrow and raised nasal bridge.
A woman in the 34th week of pregnancy says to the nurse, "I still feel like having intercourse with my husband." The woman's pregnancy has been uneventful. The nurse bases the response on the understanding that:
A) it is safe to have intercourse at this time B) intercourse at this time is likely to cause rupture of membranes C) there are other ways that the couple can use to satisfy their needs D) intercourse at this time is likely to result in premature labor
When do condoms need to be applied to be effective?
A) As soon as the penis becomes erect B) At least 1 hour prior to coitus C) Before penile-vulvar contact D) Immediately after ejaculation
To assess a patient's jugular veins, the patient should first be placed in which position?
a. Supine b. Semi-Fowler c. Upright d. Left lateral recumbent