Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is associated with which of the following?
a. Air trapping
b. Biotrauma
c. Patient-ventilator asynchrony
d. Ventilator-associated pneumonia
ANS: B
VILI is a lung injury that occurs at the level of the acinus. It is the microscopic level of injury that includes biotrauma, shear stress, and surfactant depletion (atelectrauma). The term ventila-tor-associated lung injury (VALI) is generally used to refer to lung injury identified as being a consequence of mechanical ventilation. The most common forms of VALI are ventila-tor-associated pneumonia (VAP), air trapping, patient-ventilator asynchrony, and extra-alveolar gas (barotrauma), such as pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum.
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