How did the events of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation attempt to answer problems facing Christians during the sixteenth century?
What will be an ideal response?
A. Events of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation to deal with problems
1. scattered and disorganized Christian churches
a. Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation reconverted
some churches to Roman obedience
2. lack of organized religions in Europe
a. aim of Catholic self-reformation was to pursue the common,
underlying project that all Christian elites shared: to re-
Christianize Europe
3. new religions tried to help with goal
a. Society of Jesus, which Ignatius Loyola founded
b. Jesuits became the Roman Catholic Church's most effective
missionaries and educators
4. climate of hostility between Catholics and Protestants
5. missionary activity
a. language, imagery, and total communication of the Christian
faith were genuinely transformed
b. Protestant clergy, services in the vernacular and the promotion
of the Bible in translation were ways to help the laity become
more actively involved in their faith
c. Catholics, frequent communion and—to involve women in
particular—the extension of the cults of the Virgin Mary and
the founding of new orders of nuns who taught the young and
nursed the sick served the same purpose
6. traditions made God more intelligible, more accessible
a. result of the church's mission to bring Christianity to the people,
relevance to the lives of ordinary folk sanctified sacred subjects
7. eastern Christendom, reformation parallel to that of the West began in 1621
a. banished the vulgarities of popular piety from the Russian court
b. banned popular music as a presumed survival of paganism
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One of the main reasons for the demise of the Tang Dynasty was its inability to effectively solve the problem of land distribution. Which of the following statements can serve as a valid explanation for this policy failure?
a. The increasing concentration of land in the hands of the rich and politically influential, coupled with rising food production, led to increasing pressure on the land distribution system. b. The receipt of large, permanent land grants by government officials fundamentally strengthened the system but undermined the concept of the Mandate of Heaven. c. Equality in land distribution was successfully maintained through the tax regulations of the central government. d. Mongol invaders destroyed the Chinese government's bureaucratic infrastructure. e. Empress Wu confiscated all land, distributing it to illiterate and unprepared peasants.
Beneath the surface, the two candidates in the election of 1928 _____
A) were strikingly similar B) were radically different C) were somewhat alike D) had little in common E) despised each other
Why did Washington view the Whiskey Rebellion as treason?
A) The rebellious farmers elicited the help of Native Americans, creating a quasi-civil war. B) Because the governor refused to suppress the rebellion, Washington saw it as a state's refusal to pay taxes and as a violent protest against the government. C) Because Britain supplied the rebellious farmers with money and arms, Washington assumed that they were siding with the enemy. D) Because France was having its own revolutionary war, Washington worried the violence would lead to civil war. E) The rebellious farmers began to ship and sell their whiskey to France and England, breaking U.S. trade agreements.
The immediate spark for hostilities in Europe in 1914 was
A. the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand. B. a struggle between European powers for control of the international diamond trade. C. the sinking of the British passenger liner Lusitania. D. the death of Otto von Bismarck in Germany. E. the German invasion of Poland.