What prompted the need for civil service reform in the 19th century?
a. Steep fines and other monetary punishments were being levied on voters for supporting candidates.
b. Both officeholders and voters wanted to replace the merit system with one based on patronage and loyalty.
c. People who had supported the winning presidential candidate were having trouble finding work
d. People wanted postal workers to take a test
e. Jobs were awarded based on patronage, not ability, and many officeholders were profiting from public contracts.
Answer: e. Jobs were awarded based on patronage, not ability, and many officeholders were profiting from public contracts.
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30. Which of the following has NOT been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court?
a. Affirmative action programs that use quotas b. Set-asides for minority-owned companies c. Abortion restrictions that pose an undue burden on women d. De jure segregation e. De facto segregation
In his famous concurring opinion to Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co v. Sawyer (343 US 579), Justice Robert Jackson established a three-tiered hierarchy of legitimate presidential actions. Which of these is known as the "zone of twilight"?
a. When the president acts pursuant to congressional authorization b. When the president acts against the express or implied will of Congress c. When the president acts without either a congressional grant or denial of authority d. When the president acts pursuant to an official grant of authority by Congress but against its implied will
In a centralized government, the presence of a strong bureaucracy locates the greatest amount of policymaking power in the _____
a. judicial branch b. executive branch c. legislative branch d. hands of the electorate
Barbour and Wright relate that the congressional term “whip” is derived from ______.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s)