The nurse is interviewing the mother of a child who is being evaluated for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). When assessing the child's health history, which would the nurse identify as a risk factor for ADHD?
A) The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
B) The immune response of the child
C) Young parental age at conception
D) Smoking during pregnancy
Answer: D
Research shows that a mother's use of cigarettes during pregnancy can increase the risk for ADHD. Immune response can be associated with autism spectrum disorders but not ADHD. Young parental age has not been associated with ADHD. The measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine has been thought to be associated with autism spectrum disorder, although a relationship has never been established through research.
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