We wish to test the hypothesis that music improves learning. We compare test scores of students who study while listening to music with those who study in silence. Which of the following is an extraneous variable in this experiment?
a. the presence or absence of music
b. the students' test scores
c. the amount of time allowed for studying
d. silence
C
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Alice has a dog phobia. Her therapist confronts her with actual dogs so that Alice learns that dogs are usually harmless. Alice is receiving
a. aversion therapy. b. systematic desensitization. c. avoidance therapy. d. exposure therapy.
Participants in a study by O'Connor and Rosen blood (1996) indicated about every hour whether they were alone or with others and whether they wanted to be alone or with others. The results of this study revealed that a. most of the time, participants wanted to be with others, but were alone. b. most of the time, participants wanted to be alone, but were with others. c. regardless of whether
they wanted to be alone or with others, most of the time, participants were not in theirdesired social state. d. regardless of whether they wanted to be alone or with others, most of the time, participants were in theirdesired social state.
Arnold is not a cheerleader and doesn't know any cheerleaders personally, but when he sees them at the football games, they are always smiling. Arnold is likely to
a. think about specific cheerleaders rather than the group stereotype. b. notice the ways in which each cheerleader is unique. c. be able to distinguish cheerleaders from one another only if they are smiling. d. think that all cheerleaders are happy.
Whitehead et al. (2005) found that intense distress and fear of dying was reported by ______ of the patients and moderate fear and distress by ______ of the patients
A. 51.6%; 21.7% B. very few; almost all C. 21.7%; 51.6% D. almost all; very few