If a researcher finds a negative correlation between the number of hours that students play computer games and grades, this means that
a. computer game playing causes a decrease in grades.
b. computer game playing causes an increase in grades.
c. lower grades cause a student to be disinterested in studying and more interested in playing computer games.
d. an experiment would have to be performed to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between video game playing and grades.
ANSWER: d
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