Explain why development is viewed as probabilistic in Gottlieb's model. Despite this, why do most human beings develop motor and language skills in a similar way?
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
1. Development of a particular behavior is not determined with any certainty by any single factor (from among genetic, neural, cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences).
2. If all of these factors push development in a particular direction, it is more likely to happen.
3. We do not see the probabilistic nature of development until one of the factors is strongly out of sync with the others. For example, in the Caspi study, genetically susceptible individuals had about the same levels of antisocial behavior and depression as less genetically susceptible individuals. However, when exposed to a grossly abnormal early environment (severe maltreatment), the genetically susceptible individuals were more likely than less susceptible individuals to have behavior problems and mental health issues.
4. Outcomes are probabilistic because both genes and environment play a role in development, and it is the particular combination that determines outcomes.
5. Gottlieb proposed that basic developmental outcomes (e.g., learning to walk and talk) are similar across human beings because development is a result of both species-typical genes and a species-typical rearing environment, and most human beings are exposed to a species-typical rearing environment.
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