Describe how wind can induce upwelling and downwelling near coastal cities? Give an example for each

Answer 1

?Wind blowing parallel can cause either coastal upwelling or coastal downwelling. The friction of wind blowing along the ocean surface causes the water to begin moving, the Coriolis effect deflects currents to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The resultant Ekman transport moves surface currents either offshore or onshore depending on the direction of surface winds. Coastal upwelling occurs when surface currents move offshore and is replaced by water rising along the shore, whereas coastal downwelling occurs when surface currents move onshore and pushes coastal water downward. If winds are blowing to the north along the west coast of South America, surface currents will be deflected to the left (offshore) and cold, nutrient-rich waters will take its place producing coastal upwelling. On the other hand, if winds are blowing to the north along the west coast of North America, surface currents will be deflected to right (onshore) and will push coastal water downward producing coastal downwelling.