Oxygen generally forms two covalent bonds, while carbon generally forms four covalent bonds. In
contrast, helium is inert (generally does not form any bonds). Explain the reason for the differences in
chemical behavior between these three elements.
What will be an ideal response?
The number of valence electrons in the outermost energy level, or valence shell, determines chemical
reactivity. Atoms of an element with a filled valence shell, such as helium, are nonreactive. In contrast,
atoms with an unfilled valence shell are reactive; they will tend to gain, lose, or share electrons so that
they wind up with a filled valence shell. Oxygen needs two electrons to fill its valence shell, so it tends
to form two covalent bonds. Carbon needs four electrons to fill its valence shell so it tends to form four
covalent bonds.
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