Negative reinforcement can be differentiated from punishment by carefully attending to the role of the "aversive" stimulus. In a negative reinforcement contingency, the aversive stimulus , whereas in a punishment contingency, the aversive stimulus

a. Is presented following the target behavior; is removed following the target behavior.
b. Is removed following the target behavior; is present before the target behavior occurs.
c. Is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior; is removed following the target behavior.
d. Is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior; is presented following the target behavior.


D

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Meaningful homework has the potential for constructing meaning in natural ways and engendering a sense of self-efficacy

a. True b. False

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Planning ahead and breaking large tasks into smaller pieces is a recommended time management technique

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

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A test item that requires a student to identify an item that is different from others is assessing __________

Fill in the blank(s) with correct word

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The first step in the process of becoming an effective teacher is:

a. using reinforcement frequently b. using observable and measurable language to define behaviors c. using punishment infrequently and as a last resort d. providing guided practice of student learning

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