Which the following are hazards associated with mechanical ventilation? 1. Reduced cardiac output 2. Liver failure 3. Increased work of breathing 4. Acute lung injury
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 2, and 3 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 1, 3, and 4 only
ANS: D
Hazards of mechanical ventilation include decreased venous return and cardiac output, increased work of breathing and ventilatory muscle dysfunction due to inappropriate ventilator settings, and ventilator-induced lung injury. Nosocomial pneumonia poses a significant risk for intubated patients.
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