What is one reason cited in the text that the founders identified essential rights of criminal defendants?
a. They believed most defendants were actually innocent.
b. They wanted to protect people against tyrannical and unjust use of criminal courts.
c. They did not trust the courts.
d. Criminal defendants were well protected in Britain, and the founders wanted to copy the British court system.
e. The Anti-Federalist refused to ratify the Constitution without such provisions.
ANS: B
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Which of the following affirmative action programs would be a clear violation of the Supreme Court's decision in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)?
A. considering how an applicant would contribute to the diversity of the university B. considering applicants' academic and extracurricular achievements C. admitting some minority applicants with lower academic achievement than some rejected white applicants D. setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students
The Constitution provides two ways to amend the document and two ways to ratify those amendments. Which one has never been used to amend the Constitution?
a. a national convention called by two-thirds of the state legislatures for the purpose of amending the Constitution b. state-level conventions called to submit amendment proposals to Congress that then require a majority vote in both houses c. a national referendum on proposed amendments during the general election d. an executive order outlining proposed amendments to the Constitution that requires approval by the U.S. Senate
When evaluating evidence, the researcher "looks" for silences. What does that mean?
A) It means that the interview subject pauses excessively. B) It means that research does not always "speak" to the researcher. C) It means that there may be situations in which the evidence fails to address a topic or issue. D) It means that the evidence has been lost.
According to the Supreme Court in the Civil Rights Cases (1883), why was Congress unable to prohibit discrimination in public accommodations?
a. Congress cannot regulate public accommodations because they involve interstate commerce. – b. Congress cannot regulate public accommodations because they tend to be owned by private entities. c. Congress cannot regulate public accommodations because it lacks the authority to spend money without the permission of the states. d. Congress cannot prohibit discrimination because doing so violates the First Amendment right to freedom of speech.