Which of the following research methods test for causality? (Select all that apply.)
a. Experimental research
b. Causational modeling
c. Case study research
d. Quasi-experimental research
e. Cross-sectional research
ANS: A, D
Quasi-experimental and experimental designs examine causality. The power of the design to accomplish this purpose depends on the degree to which the actual effects of the experimental treatment (the independent variable) can be detected by measuring the dependent or outcome variable. Correlational studies examine relationships between variables, but do not provide information on causality. The case study design involves an intensive exploration of a single unit of study, such as a person, family, group, community, or institution, or a small number of subjects who are examined intensively. Cross-sectional designs are not causational.
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