Explain the difference between continuous and discontinuous development, and give an example of each.
What will be an ideal response?
Scientists who argue that development is continuous point to slow and cumulative changes, such as a child slowly gaining experience, expanding his or her vocabulary, and learning strategies to become quicker at problem solving. Similarly, they point out that middle-aged adults experience gradual losses of muscle and strength.
The discontinuous view of development describes the changes we experience as large and abrupt, with individuals of various ages dramatically different from one another. For example, puberty transforms children's bodies into more adult-like adolescent bodies, infants' understanding and capacity for language is fundamentally different from that of school-aged children, and children make leaps in their reasoning abilities over the course of childhood, such as from believing that robotic dogs and other inanimate objects are alive to understanding that life is a biological process
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Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without
referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on Monday. This process is called a. anterograde amnesia. b. episodic buffering. c. chunking. d. proactive interference.
Just before the race, a sprinter at a track meet tries to become angry by picturing a rival cheating. This is likely to noticeably increase his arousal level and
a. improve his performance. b. decrease his performance. c. have no effect on his performance. d. distract his rival so the rival will perform more poorly.
Control conditions are important because, if they are sufficient and appropriate, they increase the _____ of the experiment
a. confounding c. concomitant variation b. variability d. internal validity
The values, customs, and laws of a culture are best represented by which layer of the ecological systems theory?
A) microsystem B) mesosystem C) exosystem D) macrosystem