In order for the experimenter to be able to conclude that changes in one variable are causing the other variable to change, what must be true?
a. There should be a confounding of other variables in the situation.
b. The statistical analysis must show that the results had a high probability of occurring by chance alone.
c. Nothing else must change besides the manipulated variable and the measured variable.
d. All of these must be true.
C
In order to test the cause-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables, there must be NO other changes occurring.
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