Explain the single-system and dual-system hypotheses for bilingualism. What does research suggest?
What will be an ideal response?
The single-system hypothesis suggests that two languages are represented in just one system or brain region. Alternatively, the dual-system hypothesis suggests that two languages are represented somehow in separate systems of the mind.
Research suggests that two languages seem to share some, but not all, aspects of mental representation. Learning a second language is often a plus, but it is probably most useful if the individual learning the second language is in an environment in which the learning of the second language adds to rather than subtracts from the learning of the first language. For beneficial effects to appear, the second language must be learned well. In the approach usually taken in schools, students may receive as little as two or three years of second-language instruction spread out over a few class periods a week. This approach probably will not be sufficient for the beneficial effects of bilingualism to appear. Schooling, however, does seem to yield beneficial effects on acquisition of syntax. This is particularly so when a second language is acquired after adolescence. Furthermore, whenever possible, individual learners should choose specific kinds of language-acquisition techniques that best fit their needs, abilities, preferences, and personal goals for using the second language.
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Sigmund Freud's Stages of change are useful to know because they affected other theorists. In order, they are:
A. Oral, phallic, latency, anal, genital B. Oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital C. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital D. Oral, latency, anal, phallic, genital
A student who has an illusion of knowing is likely to:
a. Know the general meaning of material but not be able to repeat it verbatim b. Elaborate on hard-to-remember material c. Undergo conceptual change d. Express surprise about a low exam score
Which of the following is the best indicator of higher quality in an experiment?
a. The researcher reported that the effect of the intervention was strong. b. The researcher selects measures and instruments based on availability. c. The intervention is given to all participants, even the control group on a "wait list" after the experiment concludes. d. The researcher determines the number individuals to be in each group based on availability of participants.
A doctor is concerned about the life expectancy rates of cancer patients in his clinic. There were forty patients in the clinic all of whom were in remission from cancer. Theoretically, all the patients had an equal probability of living for at least ten years post-treatment. However, the doctor had data that suggested that younger patients were more likely to live longer than older patients. This data was from national cancer data. However, the doctor had used the same and newly developed approach to treatment for all his patients and therefore wanted to determine the probability that all patients would live for at least ten years post-treatment, irrespective of their age. What formula could he use to determine this probability?
A. NHST B. Pearson’s r C. Cronbach’s Alpha D. Bayes’ theorem.