According to Piaget, children progress through multiple stages of cognitive development, occurring in a fixed order. Which of the following sequences is in the proper order?
a. sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational
b. sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
c. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor
d. formal operational, preoperational, concrete operational, sensorimotor
A
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In a clever experiment, Edward Chace Tolman placed rats at the entrance of a maze and recorded how long it took them to arrive at the end of the maze. Some rats were rewarded with food each time they reached the end, other rats were never rewarded, and a third group was rewarded only after the 11th day of training. Starting on the 12th day, this last group ran through the maze just as quickly as the first group that had been rewarded consistently for its performance. How did Tolman explain this surprising outcome?
A. Even in the absence of direct reinforcement, rats in the third group had formed a cognitive map of the maze, allowing them to navigate it quickly after reinforcement was introduced. B. Rats in the third group were simply smarter than rats in the other two groups, and therefore quickly learned the maze after reinforcement took place. C. Rats in the first group had become bored with the continuous reinforcement; their slower speeds made it appear as though rats in the third group had learned quickly. D. Rats in the third group had the opportunity to observe the performance of rats in the first group, and therefore knew that reinforcement would eventually be coming.
Carmen, Jill, and Alexia are trying to quit smoking. Carmen delays when she has her first cigarette each morning and tries to delay it a little longer each day. Jill is gradually reducing the total number of cigarettes she smokes each day. Alexia quits smoking for one week, then quits again, a week at a time, continuing until she quits completely. Which of the following statements best describes
these procedures? a. Carmen and Jill are each using a scheduled gradual reduction method that will most likely be successful, while Alexia is going "cold turkey" and will probably fail. b. Jill is using an effective step-down method, while Carmen and Alexia are using the a less successful scheduled method and "cold turkey," respectively. c. Carmen, Jill, and Alexia are all using different types of the scheduled gradual reduction method that have all proven to be effective. d. Carmen, Jill, and Alexia are all using less effective methods and should switch to the more effective method of "cold turkey.".
Which of the following terms best captures the meaning of the term heuristic, as cognitive psychologists use it?
a) recipe b) formula c) strategy d) program
The Results section in a quantitative research report is replaced with an analysis section for qualitative research reports.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)