Which period of Mars's planetary history was the most active geologically and describe what happened during that time period

Question

What will be an ideal response?

Answer 1

During the Noachian Period, Mars was battered by heavy bombardment—the last of the debris in the young Solar System. The old southern hemisphere survived this period. The largest impacts blasted out the great basins like Hellas and Argyre very late in the cratering, and there is no trace of magnetic field in those basins. Evidently the dynamo had shut down by then.

The Noachian period included flooding by great lava flows that smoothed some regions. Volcanism in the Tharsis and Elysium regions was very active, and the Tharsis rise grew into a huge bulge on the side of Mars. Some of the oldest lava flows on Mars were in Tharsis rise, but it also contained some of the most recent lava flows. It was evidently been a major volcanic area for most of the planet's history.

The valley networks found in the southern highlands were formed during the Noachian period when water fell as rain or snow and drained down slopes. To keep the water in its liquid phase, it required a higher temperature and higher atmospheric pressure than presentday Mars. Violent volcanism could have vented gases, including more water vapor that kept the air pressure high. This may have produced episodes in which water flowed over the surface and collected in the northern lowlands and in the deep basins to form oceans and lakes, but it's not known how long those bodies of water survived. A planetwide magnetic field may have protected the atmosphere from the solar wind.