All of the following statements about the etiology of psychological disorders are true

Question

except:

a. By themselves, most circumstances that affect the development of a psychological
disorder have only limited influence.
b. Many behavioral and emotional difficulties have their origins in a complex
interplay of factors, which includes both factors within an individual as well as
factors in the individual's environment.
c. The same experience may have different psychological ramifications depending
upon the timing of its occurrence.
d. Most psychological disorders of childhood are the expression of an underlying
biological abnormality that finds its expression in abnormal behavioral and
emotional functioning.
e. Although a factor may "cause" a psychological disorder at a particular point in a
child's development, this does not necessarily imply that this same factor will
continue to "cause" the same disorder throughout that individual's lifetime.

Answer 1

D